Dopamine Hydrochloride

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Cat Number

API0232360

CAS Number

62-31-7

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Product Detail Description Scientific Support Customer Q&A

CAS Number

62-31-7

EINECS

200-527-8

Synonyms

Dopamine HCl, Cardiosteril, 1,2-Benzenediol, 4-(2-aminoethyl)-, hydrochloride

Molecular Formula

C8H11NO2·HCl

Molecular Weight

189.64

Smiles

C1=CC(=C(C=C1CCN)O)O.Cl

Appearance

White to off-white crystalline powder

Melting Point

248-250℃

Boiling Point

337.7℃

General Description

Dopamine hydrochloride is the hydrochloride salt form of dopamine, a naturally occurring catecholamine that acts as both an endogenous neurotransmitter and a synthetic cardiotonic agent. It is supplied as a sterile, clear practically colorless concentrate solution for intravenous infusion in single-dose vials containing 40 mg/mL to 80 mg/mL concentrations. It serves as a precursor to norepinephrine and epinephrine in the body and is classified as a prescription drug used exclusively in intensive care settings.

Mechanism of Action

Dopamine exerts dose-dependent pharmacological effects through direct stimulation of multiple adrenergic receptors and indirect release of norepinephrine from storage sites. At low infusion rates of 0.5 to 3 mcg/kg/min, it primarily activates dopaminergic receptors in renal, mesenteric, and coronary vascular beds, promoting vasodilation. Intermediate doses of 5 to 10 mcg/kg/min predominantly stimulate cardiac beta-1 adrenergic receptors, increasing myocardial contractility, heart rate, and cardiac output . High doses exceeding 10 mcg/kg/min activate alpha-1 adrenergic receptors, producing peripheral vasoconstriction and elevated systemic vascular resistance.

Application

Dopamine hydrochloride is indicated to improve hemodynamic status in patients with distributive shock or shock due to reduced cardiac output, including cardiogenic, septic, and traumatic shock. It is contraindicated in pheochromocytoma and requires correction of hypovolemia, acidosis, and hypoxia prior to administration to prevent severe tissue ischemia and gangrene from extravasation.

Grace AA. described how dopamine neurons exhibit distinct activity patterns regulated by endogenous pacemaker conductances and multiple afferent systems. Dopamine exhibits a highly organized projection pattern that innervates specific brain regions involved in motor behavior, cognition, and emotion. Emerging evidence suggests that disruptions in the regulatory systems controlling dopamine neuron activity may underlie key pathophysiological features of these disorders. In schizophrenia, hyperactivity of the subcortical dopamine system is associated with positive symptoms, whereas cortical dopamine hypofunction may contribute to negative and cognitive symptoms.

Fig. 1 Tonic and phasic dopamine neuron regulation (Grace AA., 2016)

References

Grace AA. Dysregulation of the dopamine system in the pathophysiology of schizophrenia and depression. Nat Rev Neurosci. 2016;17(8):524-532.

Does Dopamine Hydrochloride require protection from oxygen during storage?

Yes, it is highly susceptible to oxidation. Our packaging includes oxygen absorbers and is often purged with nitrogen to create an inert atmosphere, preventing discoloration and degradation.

What visual changes indicate oxidation of Dopamine Hydrochloride?

A pink, brown, or black discoloration indicates the formation of melanin-like oxidation products. If observed, the material should not be used without thorough purity testing.

Is Dopamine Hydrochloride stable in alkaline formulations?

No, it is unstable at alkaline pH. It should be formulated in slightly acidic to neutral pH solutions.

What is the recommended storage temperature for bulk Dopamine Hydrochloride?

Controlled room temperature (15-25°C) is acceptable, but storage in a cool, dark place is preferred. Avoid elevated temperatures, which accelerate oxidation.