Trenbolone

Trenbolone's effects are thought to be largely mediated through high-affinity binding to ARs, with a greater binding affinity than that of testosterone. It activates both genomic and non-genomic mechanisms. In the former, the resulting Trenbolone-AR complexes enter the nucleus and bind to AREs on DNA, stimulating transcription of anabolic genes. Trenbolone also stimulates the Wnt/β-catenin signalling pathway, which is known to promote muscle cell differentiation and growth, while inhibiting the Notch pathway, which ultimately leads to the activation of muscle satellite cells, which will then proliferate and fuse with muscle fibers, resulting in an increase in muscle mass and strength. It upregulates the production of the growth factor IGF-1. IGF-1 is a major stimulator of protein synthesis in muscle, and also stimulates satellite cell activity.
In adipose tissue, Trenbolone inhibits adipogenesis, possibly by suppressing the expression of adipogenic genes such as PPARγ and C/EBPα, as well as stimulating β-catenin-mediated myogenic differentiation of preadipocytes. This leads to inhibition of fat accumulation and stimulation of lipolysis.

Fig. 1 Mechanism of Trenbolone-induced skeletal muscle hypertrophy. (Borecki R.; et al. 2024)