Propranolol Hydrochloride

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Cat Number

API0232432

CAS Number

318-98-9

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CAS Number

318-98-9

EINECS

222-501-5

Synonyms

Propranolol HCl, Anaprilin, Caridolol

Molecular Formula

C16H22ClNO2

Molecular Weight

295.8

Smiles

CC(C)NCC(COC1=CC=CC2=CC=CC=C21)O.Cl

Appearance

White or off-white powder

Melting Point

163-166°C

Boiling Point

446.1ºC

General Description

Propranolol hydrochloride is a synthetic, nonselective beta-adrenergic receptor blocking agent, chemically described as a stable, white crystalline solid that is readily soluble in water and ethanol. As a highly lipophilic compound, it is almost completely absorbed after oral administration but undergoes extensive first-pass hepatic metabolism, resulting in approximately 25% systemic bioavailability.

Mechanism of Action

Propranolol is a competitive antagonist at both beta-1 and beta-2 adrenergic receptors, with its beta-blocking effects attributable to the S(-) enantiomer. Beta-1 receptor blockade in the myocardium decreases heart rate, myocardial contractility, and cardiac output, while beta-2 receptor blockade in vascular and bronchial smooth muscle may cause constriction. Additional mechanisms contributing to its antihypertensive effect include inhibition of renal renin release and reduction of central sympathetic outflow.

Application

Propranolol hydrochloride is indicated for management of hypertension, angina pectoris, cardiac arrhythmias, and post-myocardial infarction to reduce mortality. It is also used for prophylaxis of migraine headaches, management of essential tremor, hypertrophic cardiomyopathy, and symptoms of sympathetic overactivity in hyperthyroidism and anxiety disorders.

Moon J, et al. assessed the effects of 3-month medical treatment regimens in 77 patients with postural tachycardia syndrome (POTS), randomized to receive propranolol, bisoprolol, or either beta-blocker combined with pyridostigmine. All treatment groups demonstrated significant and progressive improvement in orthostatic intolerance symptoms, as reflected by a decrease in OIQ score from a baseline median of 18.5 to 7.8 at 3 months (P < 0.01). Among patients not receiving antidepressants, depression scores (BDI-II) improved significantly regardless of treatment regimen. Physical quality-of-life scores (SF-36) improved across all groups, whereas improvements in mental component scores were observed only in the propranolol plus pyridostigmine group.

Fig. 1 Subgroup analysis of the patients combined according to the type of β-blockers or the presence of pyridostigmine. (Moon J, et al., 2018)

References

Moon J, et al. Efficacy of Propranolol, Bisoprolol, and Pyridostigmine for Postural Tachycardia Syndrome: a Randomized Clinical Trial. Neurotherapeutics. 2018;15(3):785-795.

Sharif Makhmal Zadeh B, et al. designed and evaluated nanostructured lipid carriers (NLCs) for ocular delivery of the hydrophilic drug propranolol hydrochloride to overcome the limitations of traditional eye drops, including rapid drug dilution and drainage. NLCs were prepared using cold homogenization, with drug loading efficiency dependent on the surfactant-to-lipid ratio, liquid lipid percentage, and solubilizer (Transcutol) content. Drug release followed the Higuchi model and correlated significantly with the surfactant-to-lipid ratio. The NLC formulations demonstrated improved corneal permeation compared to conventional formulations, attributed to their mucoadhesive and film-forming properties.

Fig. 2 Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM) imaging for lipid nanoparticles containing propranolol hydrochloride (Sharif Makhmal Zadeh B, et al, 2018)

References

Sharif Makhmal Zadeh B, et al. Ocular Delivery System for Propranolol Hydrochloride Based on Nanostructured Lipid Carrier. Sci Pharm. 2018;86(2):16.

Does Propranolol Hydrochloride require light protection during storage?

Yes, it is photosensitive and may degrade upon prolonged exposure to light. We recommend storage in well-closed, light-resistant containers in a cool, dry place.

What is the melting point range of Propranolol Hydrochloride?

Its melting point is approximately 163-166°C. While high, this is monitored as an indicator of purity and crystalline form consistency during stability testing.

Is Propranolol Hydrochloride hygroscopic?

It exhibits low hygroscopicity. However, to maintain its free-flowing properties and prevent any moisture-related degradation, we package it in moisture-protective liners within fiber drums.

How is the stability of Propranolol Hydrochloride affected by alkaline conditions?

It is most stable in acidic to neutral pH. In alkaline conditions, hydrolysis can occur. This is primarily a consideration for formulation, not for bulk API storage.