Niclosamide

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Cat Number

API0232298

CAS Number

50-65-7

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CAS Number

50-65-7

EINECS

200-056-8

Storage

Store at room temperature

Synonyms

Niclocide; Cestocid; Mansonil; Phenasal; Tredemine; Vermitid; Fenasal; Lintex; Nasemo; Sulqui; Yomesan; Devermin

Molecular Formula

C13H8Cl2N2O4

Molecular Weight

327.12

Smiles

C1=CC(=C(C=C1[N+](=O)[O-])Cl)NC(=O)C2=C(C=CC(=C2)Cl)O

Appearance

Yellowish-white or yellowish fine crystals

Melting Point

225-230°C

Boiling Point

424.5±45.0°C at 760 mmHg (Predicted)

Relative Density

1.6646 (Estimate)

General Description

Niclosamide is a synthetic salicylamide derivative with a chlorinated nitrobenzene ring, belonging to the class of anthelmintic agents. Its chemical structure is 5-chloro-N-(2-chloro-4-nitrophenyl)-2-hydroxybenzamide. Niclosamide is a white to off-white crystalline powder, practically insoluble in water but soluble in organic solvents. It is a potent inhibitor of the mitochondrial ATPase.

Mechanism of Action

Niclosamide inhibits the enzyme ATPase in the mitochondria of the parasite, disrupting the production of ATP and the energy metabolism. This leads to the paralysis and death of the parasite, which is then expelled from the intestine. The drug also has anti-inflammatory and antiviral properties, though these are not its primary mechanisms.

Application

Niclosamide is indicated for the treatment of tapeworm infections, including Taenia saginata, Taenia solium, and Diphyllobothrium latum. It is also used for the treatment of hymenolepiasis. The drug is effective in eradicating the parasite and is generally well-tolerated, with minimal systemic absorption.

Affinity purification with a biotinylated niclosamide derivative identified FXR1 and IGF2BP2 as direct RNA-binding protein targets in ovarian cancer. High expression of either protein correlated with reduced survival. Knockdown of FXR1 or IGF2BP2 reduced cell viability, adhesion, and migration. Niclosamide sensitivity decreased in cells deficient in these proteins. FXR1 and IGF2BP2 are direct niclosamide targets that drive oncogenic pathways in ovarian cancer.

Fig. 1 Oncogenic activity of FXR1 and IGF2BP2 in OvCa. (Sekulovski N, et al., 2021)

References

Sekulovski N, et al. Niclosamide's potential direct targets in ovarian cancer. Biol Reprod. 2021;105(2):403-412.

In a randomized trial of 60 patients with diabetic kidney disease, adding niclosamide (a Wnt/β‑catenin inhibitor) to ramipril for 6 months reduced urinary albumin/creatinine ratio by 24% (vs. an 11% increase in the control arm, P<0.001). MMP‑7 (a biomarker of Wnt/β‑catenin activity) was also significantly reduced and correlated with UACR changes. Niclosamide may reduce albuminuria in DKD; larger trials are needed.

Fig. 2 Correlations between UACR and both MMP-7 and PCX. (El-Fatatry BM, et al., 2023)

References

El-Fatatry BM, et al. Niclosamide from an anthelmintic drug to a promising adjuvant therapy for diabetic kidney disease: randomized clinical trial. Diabetol Metab Syndr. 2023;15(1):22.

Does Niclosamide require protection from light during long‑term storage?

Yes, it is photosensitive. Light exposure can cause photodegradation of the salicylanilide ring. Store in light‑resistant containers, preferably amber glass.

What is the recommended storage temperature for Niclosamide?

Store at controlled room temperature (15–25°C). Avoid excessive heat above 30°C, which can soften the powder and accelerate hydrolysis.

Is Niclosamide stable in tablet and suspension formulations?

Tablets are stable when protected from moisture and light. Reconstituted suspensions have limited stability.

How is the impurity 5‑chlorosalicylic acid (a hydrolysis product) monitored?

This primary degradation product is specifically quantified using a stability‑indicating HPLC method, ensuring it remains within pharmacopoeial limits.