Meldonium

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Cat Number

API86426177

CAS Number

86426-17-7

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CAS Number

86426-17-7

EINECS

933-243-4

Synonyms

Mildronate dihydrate; 3-(1,1,1-Trimethylhydrazin-1-ium-2-yl)propanoate Dihydrate; 3-[(Trimethylazaniumyl)amino]propanoate Dihydrate

Molecular Formula

C6H18N2O4

Molecular Weight

182.22

Smiles

C[N+](C)(C)NCCC(=O)[O-].O.O

Appearance

Powder

General Description

Meldonium, or 3-(2,2,2-trimethylhydrazinium) propionate dihydrate, is a small synthetic molecule characterized by a straightforward molecular composition. It is made up of a trimethylhydrazinium cation paired with a propionate anion, which together create a zwitterionic inner salt. This distinctive arrangement enhances its solubility in water and imparts unique physicochemical properties.

Mechanism of Action

Meldonium is a clinical drug that functions by regulating cellular energy metabolism. It primarily inhibits the synthesis of L-carnitine, shifting myocardial metabolism from fatty acid β-oxidation to more oxygen-efficient glucose oxidation, thereby protecting ischemic tissues.

Application

Meldonium is primarily used to treat cardiovascular and neurological disorders, with its efficacy extended to a variety of conditions including asthma, bronchoconstriction, gastric ulcers, vestibular dysfunction, glaucoma, and diabetes.

Meldonium is thought to influence energy metabolism through its reduction of levocarnitine (L-carnitine). L-carnitine transports activated long-chain fatty acids from the cytosol into the mitochondria where a-oxidation and adenosine triphosphate (ATP) production occur. Meldonium inhibits the enzyme g-butyrobetaine hydroxylase and the transportation of fatty acids by L-carnitine. In combination, this reduces the levels of L-carnitine in tissues and plasma. The reduction of L-carnitine causes a shift of energy metabolism from highly oxygen-consuming fatty acid oxidation to increased glucose metabolism. Aerobic glucose oxidation is more efficient, consumes far less oxygen, and increases the effectiveness of ATP generation.

Fig. 1 Meldonium reduces L-carnitine production through competitive inhibition of g-butyrobetaine dehydrogenase. (Cordiner R. 2016)