Levamisole HCl

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Cat Number

API16595805

CAS Number

16595-80-5

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CAS Number

16595-80-5

EINECS

240-654-6

Storage

2-8℃

Synonyms

Levamisole hydrochloride

Molecular Formula

C11H13ClN2S

Molecular Weight

240.75

Appearance

White to off-white crystalline powder

Melting Point

227-229 ℃

Boiling Point

344.4 ℃ at 760 mmHg

Standard

General Description

Levamisole HCl, is the hydrochloride salt of levamisole, a synthetic derivative of imidazothiazole that was originally synthesized as an anthelmintic drug. Levamisole is commonly used in biomedical research settings as an immune potentiator. Pharmaceutical grade Levamisole HCl is commonly used as a substrate for immunomodulatory studies and as an inhibitor of alkaline phosphatase.

Mechanism of Action

Levamisole hydrochloride acts as a biological response modifier by mediating the return of cell-mediated immunity to normal in peripheral T-lymphocytes and enhancing monocyte phagocytosis. Levamisole also serves as an agonist for nicotinic acetylcholine receptors, paralyzing parasitic worms. Levamisole hydrochloride inhibits most isoforms of alkaline phosphatase strongly, reversibly, and uncompetitively, so it can be used as a common reagent in molecular biology and histology protocols to decrease background signals.

Application

Levamisole HCl is commonly used in research studies as a treatment for parasites as well as in oncology/adjuvant studies. Pharmaceutical grade Levamisole hydrochloride is commonly used as a standard reagent for inhibiting the endogenous expression of alkaline phosphatase during immunohistochemistry staining. Levamisole HCl is also commonly studied for its immune-modulating effects and effects on cytokine production.

A highly malleable alginate-boronic acid hydrogel hosting an optimized levamisole microemulsion (7.5% oil, 33% Smix, 59.5% water) was designed for transdermal therapy. Pseudo-ternary and D-optimal designs guided formulation; the resultant microemulsion gel combined the fluid’s penetration power with the hydrogel's self-healing, stretchable and pH-responsive features, moulding intimately to curved skin. Ex-vivo permeation across excised skin and in-vivo rat pharmacokinetics showed the LMS-loaded microemulsion gel delivered roughly twice the cumulative amount and bioavailability of commercial liniment, while exhibiting good stability and negligible irritation.

Fig. 1 Microemulsion-based hydrogel enhances the transdermal delivery of Levamisole. (Hu Q.; et al. 2021)

References

Hu Q.; et al. Design, optimization and evaluation of a microemulsion-based hydrogel with high malleability for enhanced transdermal delivery of levamisole. International Journal of Pharmaceutics, 2021, 605: 120829.

What is Levamisole HCl used for in immunohistochemistry?

Levamisole HCl is used to quench endogenous alkaline phosphatase (ALP) activity as part of immunohistochemistry stain procedures.

How soluble is Levamisole in hydrochloride salt form?

The HCl salt form significantly increases water solubility, allowing for easier preparation of high-concentration aqueous stock solutions.

Can Levamisole HCl inhibit all types of alkaline phosphatase?

It inhibits most isoforms, such as those found in the liver and kidney, but it is notably ineffective against the intestinal isoform of the enzyme.

Can you provide technical documentation for Levamisole HCl?

Yes, a full technical is provided with every order that includes a Certificate of Analysis as well as a Safety Data Sheet.

Does Levamisole block immune responses?

Levamisole has been shown to stimulate T-cell chemotaxis as well as elevate macrophage phagocytic activity without causing systemic immune stimulation.