Glucose

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Cat Number

CHE58367014

CAS Number

58367-01-4

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CAS Number

58367-01-4

Synonyms

D(+)-Glucose; (2R,3S,4R,5R)-2,3,4,5,6-pentahydroxyhexanal; DL-Glucose; aldehydo-D-glucose

Molecular Formula

C6H12O6

Molecular Weight

180.16

Smiles

C([C@H]([C@H]([C@@H]([C@H](C=O)O)O)O)O)O

General Description

Glucose is a monosaccharide with 6 carbons with a chemical formula of C6H12O6. Carbohydrates found everywhere are used by every organism on Earth to supply energy. They fuel both aerobic and anaerobic cellular respiration in forms as simple as glucose or as complex as starch. Glucose can come into our bodies in isometric forms such as galactose and fructose (simple sugars), lactose and sucrose (double sugars), or starch (complex sugars). When not used for energy, glucose is stored in the body as glycogen, which is a polymer of glucose. Glycogen can be broken down to use as energy during fasting.

Mechanism of Action

Glucose, as the simplest energy source, enters into glycolysis in the cytosol and is split into pyruvate molecules, producing ATP and NADH. In the presence of oxygen, pyruvate enters mitochondria and is further metabolized for a large production of ATP in the tricarboxylic acid cycle and oxidative phosphorylation. In the absence of oxygen, pyruvate will be turned into lactate or ethanol. Glucose can also be stored as glycogen through glycogenesis in the liver and muscles. Glucose can also enter into other metabolic pathways to produce fat or amino acids. Hormones such as insulin and glucagon control glucose metabolism to regulate blood sugar levels.

Application

Glucose is used extensively for medical and food purposes. Medically, it can be injected to treat dehydration, low blood sugar or for supplemental energy. It is often used for surgical patients, victims of shock, or malnourished patients. Glucose is part of oral rehydration salts used to treat diarrheal dehydration. In foods, glucose is used as a sweetener and source of calories and energy in soft drinks, baked goods, and candy.

Glucose metabolism supplies energy to cells through glycolysis, the TCA cycle, and oxidative phosphorylation (OXPHOS). Aerobic metabolism of glucose yields 36-38 molecules of ATP per molecule of glucose. When oxygen is not available, glycolysis is followed by lactate production through LDH to form ATP. Many cancers rely on aerobic glycolysis over oxidative phosphorylation to produce lactate regardless of oxygen availability, referred to as the Warburg effect. Some causes of this metabolic shift include: 1) generating ATP rapidly if plenty of glucose is present; 2) generating intermediates for biosynthesis (ribose-5-phosphate to generate nucleotides, 3-phosphoglycerate to generate serine/glycine, etc. ); and 3) producing an immunosuppressive TME. High levels of lactate accumulation in the TME have been shown to inhibit anti-tumor CD8+ T cells and NK cells. Lactate also promotes expansion of immunosuppressive MDSCs and Treg cells.

Fig. 1 Reprogramming of glucose metabolism in cancer cells. (Zhang Y, et al. 2022)

References

Zhang Y, et al. Targeting glucose metabolism enzymes in cancer treatment: current and emerging strategies. Cancers. 2022, 14(19): 4568.

Researchers report a novel strategy for detecting glucose in vitro using GOx covalently conjugated to PLNPs of ZnGa₂O₄:Cr³⁺ (ZGO). ZGO1, ZGO2, and ZGO3 were synthesized hydrothermally at 120°C for 6 hours, 12 hours, and 24 hours, respectively, and subsequently calcined at 500°C. This resulted in PLNPs ≈100 nm in size. By functionalizing them with a PEG linker, GOx could be covalently bound to them. Because the PLNP luminescence increases in the presence of H2O2, we can use these PLNPs conjugated with GOx to sense glucose. In serum diluted 100 times, ZGO2 (which was synthesized for 12 hours) gave a detection limit of 0.01 µM and a linear range of 0.05–1 µM. This is a 4 log enhancement in sensitivity compared to bare particles and 20 times greater than previous strategies. Moreover, this strategy should be highly specific, inexpensive, and exhibit low background due to the emission in the near infrared. It could be extended to other analytes that produce H2O2 as well, making it highly versatile. This novel platform shows promise for real-time detection of glucose levels in diabetes management.

Fig. 2 Principle of glucose detection based on PLS enhancement. (Ferjaoui Z, et al. 2025)

References

Ferjaoui Z, et al. Highly sensitive detection of glucose in the presence of serum based on signal amplification of persistent luminescence nanoparticles functionalized by glucose oxidase. Advanced Optical Materials. 2025, 13(4): 2402373.

Does bulk Glucose require specific humidity controls?

Yes, Glucose is hygroscopic; therefore, maintaining low humidity is essential to avoid moisture absorption and caking.

Can Glucose be stored near volatile chemicals?

No, Glucose should be kept away from strong odors and volatile substances to prevent cross-contamination.

What happens if the Glucose order is delayed?

We will notify you immediately and provide a revised shipping schedule for your Glucose consignment.

How can I get the current price for Glucose?

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